Acellular Life Test 1

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Question 1:

What is the tiniest agent that can cause disease?





Topic: Disease Causing Agents

Correct Answer: B) Virus

Detailed Hint:
  • When it comes to disease-causing agents, it is crucial to understand the size and the nature of the organism.
  • Viruses, despite being significantly smaller than bacteria and protists, have a remarkable ability to cause disease.
  • A virus is a minuscule infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of different organisms, including animals, plants, and even microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea.
  • Thus, among the options provided, a virus (option B) is the smallest disease-causing agent.

Question 2:

What is the most effective preventative measure against HIV and AIDS?





Topic: HIV and AIDS Prevention

Correct Answer: D) Preventing direct contact with HIV

Detailed Hint:
  • Preventing HIV and AIDS involves understanding the various transmission routes of the virus.
  • While intravenous drug use and sharing syringes can be risk factors, the most effective prevention method is to avoid direct contact with HIV.
  • This involves avoiding contact with body fluids of an HIV-positive individual which could lead to transmission of the virus.
  • Therefore, the correct answer is D, "Preventing direct contact with HIV".

Question 3:

What disease does HAART primarily treat?





Topic: Antiviral Treatments

Correct Answer: B) AIDS

Detailed Hint:
  • HAART, or Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, is a treatment approach used for managing specific diseases.
  • It involves the use of multiple antiviral drugs that target different stages of a virus's lifecycle.
  • The primary aim of HAART is to reduce a patient's total HIV burden, maintain the immune system's function, and prevent opportunistic infections that often lead to death.
  • As such, the correct answer is B, "AIDS".

Question 4:

Which of the following can be crystallized?





Topic: Characteristics of Viruses

Correct Answer: C) Virus

Detailed Hint:
  • Understanding the nature and characteristics of different microorganisms includes the ability to crystallize them.
  • While bacteria and amoeba are living organisms and cannot be crystallized, viruses are different.
  • As non-living infectious particles, viruses can be crystallized. The first virus to be crystallized was the tobacco mosaic virus by W M Stanley in 1935.
  • This ability of the virus (option C) makes it the correct answer.

Question 5:

What constitutes the infectious part of a virus?





Topic: Viral Infection Mechanisms

Correct Answer: B) Nucleic acid

Detailed Hint:
  • To understand the infectious nature of viruses, it is important to comprehend their structure.
  • Viruses, despite their small size, have distinct components. While many might assume the protein coat or envelope contributes to their infectivity, it is actually the nucleic acid.
  • This nucleic acid, which can be either DNA or RNA, is the true infectious part and is capable of infecting or 'transfecting' cells, albeit less efficiently than the whole virus.
  • Thus, the correct answer is B, "Nucleic acid".

Question 6:

Which of these is an example of a spherical virus?





Topic: Viral Morphology

Correct Answer: D) Polio virus

Detailed Hint:
  • Viruses come in a variety of shapes and sizes, which is a critical aspect of their classification.
  • Although the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) and the Bacteriophage are well-known viruses, they do not possess a spherical structure.
  • The Polio virus, on the other hand, is a prime example of a spherical virus, giving us the correct answer as D, "Polio virus".

Question 7:

Capsomeres are composed of which substance?





Topic: Viral Structure

Correct Answer: D) Amino acids

Detailed Hint:
  • A virus's structure, particularly its protein coat or capsid, is crucial to its functionality.
  • This capsid is made up of smaller protein subunits known as capsomeres.
  • Given that proteins are polymers of amino acids, it follows that these capsomeres are composed of amino acids.
  • Therefore, the accurate answer is D, "Amino acids".

Question 8:

How are viruses categorized based on their hosts?





Topic: Viral Classification

Correct Answer: B) Three categories

Detailed Hint:
  • The categorization of viruses is predominantly based on the host they infect.
  • Majorly, there are three types of viruses: animal viruses, plant viruses, and bacterial viruses, also known as bacteriophages.
  • Additional types exist that infect different hosts, such as cyanophages (infect cyanobacteria), Mycophages (infect fungi), Zymophages (infect yeast), Phycophages (infect algae) etc.
  • Thus, the correct answer is B, "Three categories".

Question 9:

From which language is the term 'virus' derived?





Topic: Virus Terminology

Correct Answer: C) Latin language

Detailed Hint:
  • The term 'virus' is used universally in the scientific community to denote a specific category of microorganisms.
  • It is interesting to note that this term has its origins not in contemporary language, but in historical dialects.
  • Specifically, 'virus' is derived from the Latin language.
  • Consequently, the correct answer is C, "Latin language".

Question 10:

Which of the following methods is not effective in preventing AIDS?





Topic: AIDS Prevention

Correct Answer: A) Vaccination

Detailed Hint:
  • AIDS, caused by the HIV virus, is a global health concern.
  • While several preventive measures exist, such as the use of disposable syringes, sterilized surgical instruments, and safe blood transfusion, a completely effective vaccine against HIV is yet to be discovered.
  • Some attempts were made as early as 2001 by Swiss scientists, but the trials did not produce concrete results.
  • Therefore, the correct answer is A, "Vaccination".

Question 11:

Who was the first to isolate and crystallize viruses?





Topic: Viral Isolation

Correct Answer: A) W.M. Stanley

Detailed Hint:
  • The process of virus isolation and crystallization marks a significant breakthrough in viral studies.
  • This groundbreaking work was not carried out by Ivanowski, Smith, or Bawden.
  • W.M. Stanley was the pioneer in this field, isolating and crystallizing viruses, for which he shared the Nobel Prize with Northrop.
  • Hence, the correct answer is A, "W.M. Stanley".

Question 12:

Which material is the viral genome encapsulated in?





Topic: Viral Genome Packaging

Correct Answer: A) Protein

Detailed Hint:
  • Viruses have a unique structure where their genetic material is enclosed in a protective layer.
  • This protective structure is not made of carbohydrates, fats, or lipids.
  • The viral genome is actually contained within a protein structure called a capsid, which safeguards the viral nucleic acid from enzymatic digestion.
  • Thus, the correct response is A, "Protein".

Question 13:

What components do viruses contain?





Topic: Viral Composition

Correct Answer: D) Nucleic acid and protein

Detailed Hint:
  • Viruses, as small infectious agents, possess certain core components that enable them to replicate within host organisms.
  • It would be incorrect to say that a virus only contains DNA, RNA, or protein.
  • A virus is comprised of a core of genetic material, either DNA or RNA (but not both), which is enveloped in a protective protein coat known as a capsid. Some viruses have an additional outer layer called the envelope.
  • Therefore, the accurate answer is D, "Nucleic acid and protein".

Question 14:

Which microorganism can exist in a crystalline form?





Topic: Crystalline Microorganisms

Correct Answer: C) Option C

Detailed Hint:
  • The nature of viruses is quite intriguing as they exhibit characteristics of both living and non-living entities.
  • In the absence of a host, viruses can exist in a crystalline form, a feature not shared by other microorganisms.
  • Viruses have the ability to inject their genetic material into host cells which then multiplies and is packaged into a protein coat known as capsomeres.
  • When the host cell ruptures, the newly formed viruses are released. Thus, the correct option is C.

Question 15:

In what form do viruses survive outside their host cells?





Topic: Viral Survival Outside Host

Correct Answer: B) Virions

Detailed Hint:
  • Viruses require a host to replicate, but when they are outside of a host, they exist in a particular state.
  • Incorrect options for this state include bacteria, algae, and protozoa.
  • The correct answer is that viruses survive as virions outside of their host cells.
  • Virions are essentially virus particles containing the viral genome, serving as a gene delivery system. Hence, the correct response is B, "Virions".

Question 16:

Which virus was the first to be obtained in a pure form?





Topic: Viral Purity

Correct Answer: A) TMV

Detailed Hint:
  • The process of obtaining a virus in a purified form is a crucial step in virology.
  • It wasn't the rabies, pox, or polio virus that was first obtained in this pure form.
  • In fact, the first virus to be purified was the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), a process accomplished by W.M. Stanley.
  • As such, the correct answer is A, "TMV".

Question 17:

How were viruses originally referred to during the initial stages of discovery?





Topic: Early Nomenclature of Viruses

Correct Answer: B) Filterable agents

Detailed Hint:
  • In the early years of viral discovery, our understanding of these infectious agents was limited.
  • Viruses were not initially identified as pathogens, antigens, or as an entity that doesn't fit into any of the categories.
  • They were first referred to as "filterable agents" after Dmitri Ivanowski demonstrated in 1892 that the tobacco mosaic disease could be transmitted even after all bacteria were removed using the Chamberland-Pasteur filter.
  • It took several years to confirm that these filterable agents were not tiny bacteria, but a new classification of small infectious particles that would later be known as viruses. Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Filterable agents".

Question 18:

Identify the RNA, enveloped virus from the options below:





Topic: Viral Classification

Correct Answer: B) HCV

Detailed Hint:
  • Among the options provided, not all represent RNA enveloped viruses.
  • HAV is an RNA non-enveloped virus, while the Pox virus and Herpes viruses are examples of DNA enveloped viruses.
  • Only HCV fits the description of an RNA enveloped virus.
  • Thus, the correct response is B, "HCV".

Question 19:

Who demonstrated the filterable nature of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?





Topic: Viral Discovery

Correct Answer: A) Ivanowsky

Detailed Hint:
  • The discovery and identification of viruses involved various scientists, but not all contributed to demonstrating the filterable nature of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).
  • It was not Beijerinck, Stanley, or Winogradsky who provided this crucial insight.
  • D.J Ivanowsky is credited with identifying the microbes responsible for the mosaic disease of tobacco in 1892, which were found to pass through bacteria-proof filters, thus indicating their small size.
  • Consequently, the correct answer is A, "Ivanowsky".

Question 20:

Which structure is simpler than a virus?





Topic: Virus Complexity

Correct Answer: A) Viroid

Detailed Hint:
  • The relative simplicity or complexity of viruses and other entities is determined by factors such as their composition and structure.
  • Bacteriophages, virions, and phage viruses are not simpler than a virus, as they possess nucleoprotein components.
  • Differently, viroids, which are considered sub-viral particles, are constituted only of RNA.
  • Therefore, the simplest structure in the list is A, "Viroid".

Question 21:

Which statement does not relate to viruses?





Topic: Viral Characteristics

Correct Answer: D) Viruses can be cultured in a sugary liquid

Detailed Hint:
  • A clear understanding of viral characteristics helps to differentiate true and false information about viruses.
  • Statements A, B, and C accurately describe viruses: they do consist of nucleic acid and proteins, they do reproduce only in living host cells, and they do not use oxygen for respiration.
  • Viruses, however, cannot be grown in a sugary liquid as they require necessary proteins and a copy of genetic material, available only within a cell, for protein synthesis.
  • Thus, the incorrect statement about viruses is D, "Viruses can be cultured in a sugary liquid".

Question 22:

Who successfully crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus?





Topic: Viral Crystallization

Correct Answer: A) W.M. Stanley

Detailed Hint:
  • The crystallization of viruses was a significant achievement in the field of virology.
  • Louis Pasteur, Iwanowski, and Charles Chamberland, although pioneers in their own right, were not involved in this particular advancement.
  • It was W.M. Stanley who achieved the feat of crystallizing the tobacco mosaic virus.
  • Thus, the individual who successfully accomplished this task is A, "W.M. Stanley".

Question 23:

Who discovered bacteriophages in the early 20th century?





Topic: Discovery of Bacteriophages

Correct Answer: A) Twort and D. herelle

Detailed Hint:
  • The discovery of bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, marked a significant milestone in the field of virology.
  • This discovery was not made by Pasteur and Koch, or Watson and Crick, or Salk and Sabin.
  • It was bacteriologists Frederick William Twort in 1915 and Félix d’Hérelle in 1917 who made this groundbreaking discovery independently.
  • Thus, the correct response is A, "Twort and D. herelle".

Question 24:

Which virus is known to infect cells of the Central Nervous System?





Topic: Viral Infections

Correct Answer: B) Polio virus

Detailed Hint:
  • The nature and targets of viral infections vary widely among different viruses.
  • While the HIV, HBV, and Influenza viruses do cause significant health problems, they are not primarily associated with the infection of Central Nervous System cells.
  • The Polio virus, on the other hand, causes poliomyelitis, an inflammatory condition of the spinal cord, which contains neurons.
  • Thus, the virus that infects the cells of the Central Nervous System is B, "Polio virus".
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