Acellular Life Test 4

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Question 1:

Who was responsible for isolating TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) crystals?





Topic: Discovery and Isolation in Virology

Correct Answer: C) W.M. Stanley

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • The task of isolating TMV crystals was successfully accomplished by W.M. Stanley in the year 1935, thereby establishing him as a significant figure in the field of virology.
  • Stanley's work led to distinct observation of these virus entities. When viewed under a light microscope, these viruses appeared as silvery crystals.
  • A further microscopic examination under an electron microscope revealed these entities to be made up of numerous rod-shaped bacteria.
  • So, the correct answer is C, "W.M. Stanley".

Question 2:

What is the main component of the cap of the spike of HIV?





Topic: Structure of HIV

Correct Answer: D) gP120

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • The spike of HIV, a crucial part of its structure, is composed of two proteins: gp120 and gp41.
  • The head of the spike, or the cap, is specifically made up of gp120.
  • Additionally, it's worth noting that the core of HIV comprises the P24 protein, and the matrix contains the P17 protein.
  • Therefore, the correct answer is D, "gP120".

Question 3:

What is the typical timeframe for the development of AIDS from an HIV infection?





Topic: Progression of HIV to AIDS

Correct Answer: C) 2-10 years

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • The progression of HIV to AIDS doesn't happen overnight. It's a slow process that can take several years.
  • Specifically, the incubation period of HIV, which is the time from initial infection to the onset of AIDS, is typically 8-10 years.
  • Therefore, the correct answer is C, "2-10 years".

Question 4:

Which lentivirus is known to cause encephalitis and pneumonitis in sheep?





Topic: Lentivirus and Associated Diseases in Animals

Correct Answer: D) Visna

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Among the mentioned lentiviruses, Visna is the one that causes Encephalitis and Pneumonitis in sheep.
  • Other lentiviruses are host-specific: SIV affects monkeys, FIV is specific to cats, HIV affects humans, and CAEV is specific to goats.
  • Consequently, the correct answer is D, "Visna".

Question 5:

How many spikes can be typically found on the envelope of the HIV virus?





Topic: HIV Structure

Correct Answer: A) 72

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • The HIV virus structure is quite complex, with numerous spikes present on its envelope.
  • These spikes, which number around 72, are well-recognized features of the virus and are crucial to its ability to infect host cells.
  • These spikes are composed of the proteins gp120 and gp41.
  • As such, the correct answer is A, "72".

Question 6:

Which of the following is not classified as a Lentivirus?





Topic: Lentiviruses

Correct Answer: B) HBV

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Lentiviruses are a subset of retroviruses, well known for their long incubation periods.
  • Of the options provided, Visna, HIV, and CAEV are all examples of lentiviruses.
  • However, HBV, or Hepatitis B Virus, does not fall under the category of lentiviruses.
  • Thus, the correct answer is B, "HBV".

Question 7:

What is considered the final stage of an HIV infection?





Topic: Progression of HIV

Correct Answer: A) AIDS

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • An HIV infection progresses through several stages before reaching its final stage.
  • The last stage of an HIV infection is known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
  • At this stage, the immune system is severely compromised, making the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and diseases.
  • Hence, the correct answer is A, "AIDS".

Question 8:

Identify the virus among the following that is not an RNA virus:





Topic: Types of Viruses

Correct Answer: A) Hepatitis B

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Viruses can be categorized based on the type of nucleic acid they possess, which can be either DNA or RNA.
  • Both Influenza and Visna are RNA viruses.
  • Hepatitis B, on the other hand, is a DNA virus.
  • Consequently, the correct answer is A, "Hepatitis B".

Question 9:

Which cell type is primarily targeted by the HIV virus?





Topic: HIV Infection

Correct Answer: B) Helper T-cells

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • The HIV virus specifically targets certain types of cells in the human body.
  • Among these, the Helper T-cells, which play a crucial role in the body's immune response, are primarily infected by HIV.
  • Hence, the correct answer is B, "Helper T-cells".

Question 10:

Which glycoprotein can be found in the envelope of the flu virus?





Topic: Influenza Virus Structure

Correct Answer: C) Both of these

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • The envelope of the flu virus contains several important components that aid in its functioning.
  • Among these, the glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase play crucial roles in the flu virus's ability to infect host cells.
  • As such, the correct answer is C, "Both of these".

Question 11:

How many genes can be found in the HIV virus?





Topic: HIV Genome

Correct Answer: A) 9

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • The HIV virus possesses a unique set of genes that contributes to its pathogenic nature.
  • The HIV genome comprises 9 genes, divided into structural genes (gag, pol, env) and regulatory genes (tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, vpu).
  • Therefore, the correct answer is A, "9".

Question 12:

Which enzyme can be identified in the HIV virus?





Topic: HIV Enzymes

Correct Answer: D) All of these

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Enzymes in HIV play a crucial role in its replication and infection processes.
  • The HIV virus contains several enzymes, including Reverse Transcriptase, Integrase, and Protease.
  • Hence, the correct answer is D, "All of these".

Question 13:

Which gene combination is involved in synthesizing structural proteins in HIV?





Topic: HIV Genome and Protein Synthesis

Correct Answer: D) GAG, POL, ENV

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • The HIV genome encodes a set of genes, some of which are responsible for the synthesis of the virus's structural proteins.
  • The genes GAG, POL, and ENV are the primary contributors to the synthesis of these structural proteins.
  • As a result, the correct answer is D, "GAG, POL, ENV".

Question 14:

Which of the following is not classified as an RNA virus?





Topic: Virus Classification

Correct Answer: B) Hepatitis B

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Viruses are classified based on the type of nucleic acid they contain, either DNA or RNA.
  • Hepatitis A, C, and D are RNA viruses.
  • Contrastingly, Hepatitis B is a DNA virus.
  • Thus, the correct answer is B, "Hepatitis B".

Question 15:

Which other names are attributed to HIV?





Topic: HIV Classification

Correct Answer: D) All of these

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is known by several other names due to its characteristics and behavior.
  • It is referred to as a Retrovirus owing to its replication cycle. It's called a Lentivirus due to its slow progression to disease, and an Oncovirus due to its association with cancers.
  • Therefore, the correct answer is D, "All of these".

Question 16:

Which type of virus is identified based on the species it infects?





Topic: Virus Identification

Correct Answer: B) Plant virus

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Viruses can be classified based on the specific host species they infect.
  • Plant viruses are primarily identified on the basis of their plant hosts.
  • Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Plant virus".

MCQs 17:

What protein constitutes the tail of the spike in HIV?





Topic: HIV Structure

Correct Answer: C) gP411

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • The HIV virus possesses a unique structure with specific proteins constituting different parts.
  • The spike of HIV comprises two main parts: the head, made up of gp120, and the tail, constituted by gp41.
  • Therefore, the correct answer is C, "gP411".

MCQs 18:

What is the shape of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?





Topic: Virus Morphology

Correct Answer: D) Rod2

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Viruses come in a variety of shapes, including round, spiral, and rod-shaped, among others.
  • The Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) is known for its rod-shaped structure.
  • As such, the correct answer is D, "Rod2".

MCQs 19:

Which of the following describes the Flu virus?





Topic: Flu Virus Classification

Correct Answer: A) RNA Enveloped3

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Viruses can be classified based on their nucleic acid content (DNA or RNA) and the presence or absence of an envelope.
  • The flu virus is known to be an RNA virus with an envelope.
  • Thus, the correct answer is A, "RNA Enveloped3".

MCQs 20:

Which gene in the HIV genome contributes to the synthesis of structural proteins?





Topic: HIV Genome

Correct Answer: C) 34

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • The HIV genome consists of several genes, each responsible for specific functions.
  • Among these, three genes - gag, pol, and env, are primarily responsible for the synthesis of the virus's structural proteins.
  • Hence, the correct answer is C, "34".

MCQs 21:

The synthesis and transmission of viruses involve using the biosynthetic machinery of:





Topic: Virus Replication

Correct Answer: C) Host5

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Viruses replicate by harnessing the biosynthetic machinery of their host's cells, as they lack the necessary components for self-replication.
  • This process involves the virus invading a host cell and utilizing its resources to produce new viruses.
  • Thus, the correct answer is C, "Host5".

MCQs 22:

Which specific body cells does HIV primarily target?





Topic: HIV Infection

Correct Answer: C) T-Lymphocytes6

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, predominantly targets a specific type of white blood cells known as T-lymphocytes or T-cells.
  • This intrusion impairs the immune system, as T-cells play a significant role in orchestrating the body's immune response.
  • Consequently, the correct answer is C, "T-Lymphocytes6".

MCQs 23:

What component is universally found in all Bacteriophages?





Topic: Bacteriophages Structure

Correct Answer: B) Protein coat

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect bacteria. Their structure varies, but certain components are consistently present.
  • While many phages possess tail fibers and some contain lysozymes, the protein coat, or capsid, encasing the genetic material is universal among all bacteriophages.
  • Accordingly, the correct answer is B, "Protein coat".

MCQs 24:

Identify the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease worldwide:





Topic: Global Health

Correct Answer: A) AIDS

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections transmitted through sexual contact. Their prevalence varies, but certain STDs are more common than others.
  • Despite the presence of a host of STDs including Hepatitis B and C, AIDS, short for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is the most common globally.
  • Thus, the correct answer is A, "AIDS".

MCQ 25:

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?





Topic: Mitochondrial Function

Correct Answer: A) Energy production

Detailed Hints and Steps:
  • Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of eukaryotic cells.
  • The primary function of mitochondria is to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through cellular respiration.
  • Therefore, the correct answer is A) "Energy production".
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