immunity test 2

Detailed Hint:

• When it comes to cellular structures, it is crucial to recognize the distinct components of each cell type.
• Cellulose is primarily found in plant cell walls, while chitin is a major component of fungal cell walls.
• However, the cell wall of a prokaryotic bacterial cell is predominantly composed of a substance called Murein, which is chemically known as Peptidoglycan.
• Peptidoglycan consists of Amino acids (Peptido) and Carbohydrates (Glycan).
• Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Murein".

Short Hint: Pus is an accumulation of dead cells that the body needs to clear. Among the provided options, Macrophages (option C) are the cells that perform this cleanup process.

Short Hint: Damaged cells release chemicals as a reactive response. Histamine, Bradykinin, and Serotonin (options A, B, and C respectively) are all chemicals secreted by damaged cells.

Short Hint: Fever is a body response to fight off infections. It stimulates immunity (option A) and provides an environment hostile to microbes (option B).

Short Hint: B-cells use certain markers for identification. These markers can be Oligosaccharides (option A), Proteins (option B), or Antigen surface markers (option C).

Short Hint: Neutrophils are a specific type of white blood cell. Among the provided options, they are Phagocytic (option A), meaning they engulf and destroy foreign substances.

Short Hint: Antibodies carry out several vital functions in the immune response. They can perform Opsonization (option A), Neutralization (option B), and Agglutination (option C).

Short Hint: Antigens, when presented on MHC-I, are recognized by specific cells. Among the options provided, it is the Cytotoxic T cell (option C) that recognizes this.

Short Hint: T-Lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow but they mature elsewhere. Among the provided options, it is the Thymus gland (option B) where T-Lymphocytes mature.

Short Hint: Granzymes, found in NK cells' granules, contain specific proteins. Among the options provided, Granzymes are composed of Perforin and proteases (option B).

Short Hint: Interferons play a crucial role in halting the reproduction of a specific group of organisms. Among the provided options, Interferons primarily disrupt the replication of Viruses (option A).

Short Hint: After being produced in the bone marrow, T-lymphocytes reach maturation in a specific organ. In the given options, T-lymphocytes mature in the Thymus (option B).

Short Hint: The activation of B and T-cells is prompted by a certain type of cell. Among the options, it is the Helper T-cells (option C) that facilitate their activation.

Detailed Hint: White blood cells consist of various types, each with its own function. Among the options listed, Neutrophils (option A) stand out as the most common type.

Detailed Hint:

A particular complement activation system has a slower response time upon first exposure to an antigen.

From the provided choices, it is the Antibody dependent (option A) that experiences this delay.

Detailed Hint:

Hydrogen peroxide, a crucial component in cellular function, is released by a specific cell type.

Among the options, Neutrophils (option B) are responsible for this process.

Detailed Hint:

Granzymes are secreted by small granules found in a specific cell type.

Among the given options, it's the NK cells (option C) that possess these granules.

Detailed Hint:

The human immune system has several lines of defense, each with a different level of specificity.

In the options provided, the 3rd line of defense (option C) is known for its specificity.

Detailed Hint:

Blood cells vary significantly in size, with one particular type known to be the largest.

From the options, Macrophages (option C) are recognized as the biggest blood cells.

Detailed Hint:

Pus, a sign of infection, contains a high concentration of a specific type of white blood cells (WBCs).

Neutrophils (option C) are the primary type of WBCs found in pus.

Detailed Hint:

Pyrogens are substances that induce fever, and one of them is featured in the options.

Lipopolysaccharide (option A) is known to act as a pyrogen.

Detailed Hint:

Cellular immunity is a critical component of the immune system, comprising specific cell types.

Among the options, both Macrophages (option A) and T-lymphocytes (option B) constitute Cellular immunity.

Detailed Hint:

The immune system's second line of defense includes a variety of components.

However, B-cells and T-cells (option D) are part of the third line of defense, not the second.

Detailed Hint:

NK cells, an important part of the innate immune system, are activated by certain substances.

Of the provided options, Interferons (option A) are known to activate NK cells.

Detailed Hint:

Granzymes, including the proteins Perforin and Proteases, are produced by a specific cell type.

NK cells (option B) are known to produce these.

Detailed Hint:

Immunity development involves certain cell types that are crucial to this process.

Among the given options, Lymphocytes (option C) play a vital role in establishing immunity.

Detailed Hint:

The third line of defense in the immune system comprises several key components.

T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and Antibodies (options A, B, and C) all belong to this line of defense.

Detailed Hint:

NK cells, an integral part of the immune system, exhibit a specific function.

From the given options, NK cells are predominantly Cytotoxic (option A).

Detailed Hint:

NK cells, an essential part of the immune system, are categorized under a specific cell type.

Among the choices given, NK cells are a type of White Blood Cells (option A).

Detailed Hint:

Antibodies, crucial in combating foreign elements in the body, are produced by a specific type of cells.

B-lymphocytes (option C) are known to produce these antibodies.

Detailed Hint:

B-cells, integral to the immune system, develop within a specific human organ.

The Bone marrow (option C) is known to be the primary site of human B-cell development.

Detailed Hint:

HIV is known to specifically target and destroy certain immune cells, leading to the weakening of the immune system.

Among the options provided, CD4 cells (option B) are the primary target of HIV.