support and movement test 5

The question pertains to the cellular extensions present in various types of cells.

Among the given options, "osteocytes" have the longest cytoplasmic extensions.

This allows them to communicate and exchange nutrients and waste with other cells, contributing to the maintenance of bone tissue.

Thus, the correct answer is B, "Osteocytes".

This question focuses on understanding the structural connectivity of bones within the human skeletal system.

Both coxal bone and sternum have joints connecting them to other structures, hence options A and B are incorrect.

Option C is also incorrect as it implies that both coxal bone and sternum lack joints.

The correct answer is D, "None", indicating that all provided bones have connections with other structures.

The question seeks to understand the energy dynamics in muscle contraction.

The percentage of energy used directly in work during muscle contraction is not the majority, eliminating options A and D.

The answer is not close to half, ruling out option C.

Consequently, the correct answer is B, "35%", with the remaining energy contributing to body heat.

The question relates to the process of tissue resorption, specifically in the context of bone biology.

Cells of the collecting ducts and cells of the proximal, options A and C respectively, are involved in different physiological processes and not directly in bone resorption.

Thus, the correct answer is B, "Osteoclast cells", which actively participate in breaking down bone tissue during the process of bone resorption.

This question seeks to classify the hip and shoulder joints based on their structural and functional characteristics.

Cartilaginous joints, option A, are connected entirely by cartilage and exhibit little movement, which is not the case for hip and shoulder joints.

Hinge joints, option C, allow movement primarily in one direction, like the elbow and knee, which doesn't fit the flexible nature of hip and shoulder joints.

Thus, the correct answer is D, "Ball and socket joint", which allows a wide range of movement in multiple directions.

The question pertains to characteristics of different types of muscle cells.

Skeletal muscle cells, option A, are long, cylindrical, and have regular striations, not matching the given characteristics.

Smooth muscle cells, option B, are non-striated and involuntary but are not branched.

Although skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles share some characteristics, option D is incorrect since skeletal muscles are voluntarily controlled and have a regular striation pattern.

Thus, the correct answer is C, "Cardiac muscle cells", that are branched, have irregular striations, and are controlled involuntarily.

The question relates to the structural details of a muscle sarcomere.

Actin, option A, largely makes up the thinner filaments and is associated with the I-band and not the A-band.

Tropomyosin and troponin, options B and C, are regulatory proteins associated with the actin filaments and are not primarily responsible for the A-band.

Thus, the correct answer is D, "Myosin", which forms the thicker filaments and is the primary protein contributing to the A-band of a sarcomere.

The question investigates knowledge about the bone resorption process. Parathormone (option A) stimulates the release of calcium from large calcium stores (bones) into the bloodstream. Although it plays a part, it doesn't function independently. Option C, Calcitonin, actually inhibits bone resorption and thereby is not a contributor. However, osteoclasts (option B) are the key players directly involved in bone resorption. Consequently, the correct answer is D, "Both A and B," highlighting the roles of both parathormone and osteoclasts in the process of bone resorption.

The question requires an understanding of cartilage structure and physiology. Osteoclasts (option A) are not essential to the healing process of cartilage, ruling it out. Collagen-I (option B) is present in cartilage but its absence doesn't significantly impede the healing process. The correct answer is C, "Lack of blood vessels," as the absence of a direct blood supply contributes to the slow healing process of cartilage.

The question pertains to the cellular structures of different types of cells. Osteocytes (option A) are mononucleated, which rules them out. Skeletal muscle cells (option B) have multiple nuclei and hence match the description. Thus, the correct answer is B, "Skeletal muscle cell," being a multinucleated cell.

This question addresses the structural details of muscle cells. Options A, B, and C propose various diameter ranges for a myofibril. However, a typical myofibril has a diameter of 1–2 μm, which falls outside the options provided. Hence, the correct answer is D, "None of the above."

The question pertains to muscle contraction and relaxation mechanisms. Passive transport (option B) and diffusion (option C) are processes that move substances down their concentration gradients and do not require energy. However, reaccumulation of Ca++ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum is an energy-dependent process. Thus, the correct answer is A, "Active transport."

The question deals with the composition of cartilage. Options A, B, and C present various percentages of inorganic salts. Cartilage is known for its high inorganic salt content, specifically at around 65%. Therefore, the correct answer is B, "65%."

This question is related to the process of muscle contraction. Actin (Option A) and Myosin (Option D) are involved in muscle contraction, but calcium ions don't directly associate with them. Although Tropomyosin (Option B) is part of the thin filament of a muscle, it is not the primary binding site for Ca++. Troponin (Option C), on the other hand, is the protein complex where Ca++ binds during muscle contraction. So, the correct answer is C, "Troponin."

• This question is examining your understanding of the structural unit of a myofibril.
• Options A and B, H-zones and M-lines, are components within a sarcomere, but they do not define its boundaries.
• The Z-lines (Option C) mark the boundary at each end of a sarcomere.
• Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Two Z-lines".

• The question is about identifying the type of joint in the human body.
• A hinge joint (Option A) allows movement in one plane, which doesn't match the hip's range of motion.
• Cartilaginous (Option C) and Fibrous joints (Option D) are mostly immovable or slightly movable joints, so they don't fit the hip joint characteristics.
• The hip is a ball and socket joint (Option B) because it allows for free movement in multiple directions.
• So, the correct answer is B, "Ball and socket joint".

• This question requires knowledge of joint types and their locations in the body.
• A, C, and D options correctly associate joint types with body parts.
• The hip, however, is not a hinge joint as presented in option B.
• The hip is a ball and socket joint, allowing multi-directional movement.
• Therefore, the correct answer is B) "Hinge joint - Hip".

• This question is about the classification of joints in the human body.
• The ankle joint does not fall under the categories of a ball and socket (Option A) or cartilaginous joints (Option D).
• Although it is a freely movable joint (Option C), the precise category is a synovial joint (Option B).
• So, the correct answer is B) "Synovial".

• This question requires an understanding of the composition of human bones.
• The organic portion of bone contains collagen and glycoproteins.
• While all options propose different percentages, collagen makes up the majority of the organic content of bones.
• Therefore, the correct answer is C) "90%".

• This question is aimed at testing your understanding of bone cells and their roles.
• Osteocytes (Option B), Osteoclasts (Option C), and Myocytes (Option D) are all important cell types, but they serve roles distinct from matrix production.
• Osteoblasts (Option A) are the cells primarily responsible for producing the bone matrix.
• Therefore, the correct answer is A, "Osteoblasts".

• This question is testing your knowledge of different muscle types.
• Both skeletal (Option A) and cardiac (Option B) muscles are striated, as they both have a banding pattern under the microscope.
• Hence, the correct answer is C, "Both".

This question is about the functions of different bone cells.

Osteoblast cells (Option A) are the cells responsible for new bone formation, so they haven't lost their bone-forming capabilities.

Osteoclast cells (Option B) are involved in bone resorption, not formation.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Osteoclast cells".

This question examines understanding of joint types and their locations in the human body.

Knee (Option A), elbow (Option C), and hip (Option D) joints are not classified as cartilaginous.

Wrist joints (Option B) are primarily cartilaginous, allowing only slight movement.

Thus, the correct answer is B, "At the wrist".

This question involves the classification of joints in the human body.

Wrist joints do not fall under the categories of fibrous joints (Option B) or synovial joints (Option C).

They are mainly cartilaginous joints (Option A), allowing only some movement.

Hence, the correct answer is A, "Cartilaginous".

This question requires knowledge of the composition of different types of cartilage.

Hydroxyapatite crystals are not typically found in hyaline cartilage (Option A), fibrous cartilage (Option B), or elastic cartilage (Option C).

These crystals are primarily found in bones, not cartilage.

Thus, the correct answer is D, "None of the above".

This question tests your comprehension of the properties of different muscle cells.

Voluntary control (Option A) and multinucleated nature (Option C) are both features of skeletal muscle cells.

The notion of skeletal muscles being branched (Option B) is incorrect as this characteristic is exclusive to cardiac muscles.

So, the correct answer is B, "They are branched".