nervous and coordinations test 2

Detailed Hint:

• When it comes to cellular structures, it is crucial to recognize the distinct components of each cell type.
• Cellulose is primarily found in plant cell walls, while chitin is a major component of fungal cell walls.
• However, the cell wall of a prokaryotic bacterial cell is predominantly composed of a substance called Murein, which is chemically known as Peptidoglycan.
• Peptidoglycan consists of Amino acids (Peptido) and Carbohydrates (Glycan).
• Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Murein".

Short Hint: The hypothalamus is a vital part of the brain that regulates body temperature. Other parts of the brain such as the cerebrum, cerebellum, and thalamus, while crucial for other functions, do not directly control body temperature. Therefore, the correct answer is D, "Hypothalamus".

Short Hint: The Central Nervous System (CNS) is shielded by the meninges, which consists of three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The other options are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the structure of the meninges. Thus, the correct answer is A, "3 layers of meninges".

Short Hint: Connective tissues bind, support, or protect structures and organs in the body. Tendons, areolar tissue, and ligaments are examples. In contrast, neurons are part of the nervous tissue and don't have connective tissue functions. Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Neuron".

Short Hint: Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions despite external changes. Coordination facilitates this through the regulation, integration, and control of various bodily functions. The other options such as regeneration, excretion, and reproduction, while fundamental to the life processes, do not directly contribute to maintaining internal constancy. Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Coordination".

Short Hint: Receptors are specialized cells or nerve endings that detect changes in the internal and external environments of an organism. Neurons transmit these signals to the brain, and effectors respond to these signals, but neither are primarily responsible for detection. Therefore, the correct answer is A, "Receptors".

Short Hint: The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are involved in multiple tasks such as regulating the sleep-wake cycle and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli. It is located in the midbrain and serves as a relay center connecting the forebrain and hindbrain. Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Midbrain".

Short Hint: In the process of transmitting nerve impulses, neurons undergo changes in polarity known as 'action potential'. Depolarization (Answer A) is the phase when the inside of the neuron becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions. So, "B" in the diagram of action potential represents 'Depolarization'.

Short Hint: Neurosecretory cells are neurons in the brain that produce hormones. The Hypothalamus (Answer A) is well-known for its neurosecretory cells that regulate a wide range of bodily functions, including growth and metabolism, temperature regulation, and water balance. Therefore, the correct answer is A, "Hypothalamus".

Short Hint: Communication between neurons occurs at microscopic gaps known as 'synapses'. Synapses (Answer B) allow the transmission of neurotransmitters from one neuron to another, facilitating communication within the nervous system. Thus, the correct answer is B, "Synapses".

Short Hint: Neurons have different structural features depending on their function. Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, transport signals from peripheral body parts to the central nervous system. A distinct characteristic of many sensory neurons is the presence of a single dendron - a threadlike extension of the cytoplasm. Therefore, the correct answer is A, "Sensory neuron".

Short Hint: The transmission of nerve impulses along myelinated neurons occurs in a unique way. Instead of a continuous, wave-like propagation, the impulse "jumps" from one node of Ranvier to the next, a process known as 'saltatory conduction' or 'saltatory nerve impulse'. This process significantly increases the speed of transmission. Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Saltatory nerve impulse".

Short Hint: Different parts of the brain are responsible for regulating different functions. The Medulla, part of the hindbrain, controls autonomic functions, which happen without conscious thought. These include important life-sustaining processes such as breathing and heart rate. Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Medulla".

Short Hint: The brain has several regions that contribute to emotion regulation. The Limbic system, which includes structures like the amygdala and hippocampus, is primarily responsible for the production of primal emotions such as fear, rage, thirst, and pleasure. Therefore, the correct answer is D, "Limbic system".

Short Hint: The forebrain contains structures such as the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

Short Hint: The Medulla forms the connection with the spinal cord.

Short Hint: Grey matter in the spinal cord consists of non-myelinated fibres and cell bodies.

Short Hint: The spinal cord is located within the vertebral column.

Short Hint: The cerebellum is not part of the forebrain.

Short Hint: The meninges provide protection for the brain and spinal cord.

Short Hint: Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers in the nervous system.

Short Hint: The spinal cord consists of white and grey matter, each composed of distinct types of nerve fibers. White matter primarily includes myelinated nerve fibers, which facilitate the rapid transmission of neural signals. Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Myelinated nerve fibers".

Short Hint: Reflex actions are automatic responses to stimuli, controlled by different parts of the central nervous system. The spinal cord, in particular, regulates reflex actions below the neck, acting independently of the brain for these specific responses. Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Spinal Cord".

Short Hint: Various cell types possess different capacities for regeneration and replacement, which is crucial for tissue repair and recovery. Among the options, nerve cells (neurons) are unique in their inability to regenerate, rendering them irreplaceable once destroyed. Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Nerve Cell".

Short Hint: The resting membrane potential is a vital characteristic of neurons, reflecting the difference in electrical charge across the neuron's membrane at rest. Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately -70mv, due to the unequal distribution of various ions inside and outside the neuron. Therefore, the correct answer is C, "-70mv".

Detailed Hint: The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of distinct subsystems, each having a specialized role. The Sympathetic System is particularly known for managing stress responses and emergency situations, often referred to as the 'fight or flight' response. Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Sympathetic System".

Detailed Hint: Different types of receptors are responsible for sensing various changes in the environment. Mechanoreceptors are specialized to detect mechanical pressure or distortion, primarily vibrations, which are crucial for our sense of hearing. Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Mechanoreceptors".

Detailed Hint: Reflex responses involve a specific pathway and the coordinated action of different types of neurons. In this process, Sensory Neurons transmit signals from receptors to the central nervous system, Interneurons integrate and relay the signals within the central nervous system, and Motor Neurons carry the output from the central nervous system to the effector. Therefore, the correct answer is A, aligning with the aforementioned roles of the three neuron types in a reflex response.

Detailed Hint:

A neuron is composed of multiple components, each with a specific function.

Dendrites are branched projections of a neuron that act as conduits for carrying impulses towards the cell body.

So, the correct answer is A, "Dendrites".

Detailed Hint:

The human brain is made up of several parts, each with distinct functions.

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, responsible for higher brain functions such as thought and action.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "Cerebrum".

Detailed Hint:

Neurons have specific structures that facilitate the transmission of impulses.

Axons are long, thread-like parts of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Axons".

Detailed Hint:

The neurons play specific roles in nerve impulse transmission.

Sensory neurons are specialized to transmit signals from sensory receptors towards the central nervous system.

Hence, the correct answer is A, "Sensory Neuron".

Detailed Hint:

A reflex arc represents a neural pathway that controls an action reflex.

The correct sequence in a reflex arc is from receptor, to sensory neuron, then to motor neuron, and finally to effector.

Thus, the correct answer is D, "Receptor → Sensory neuron → Motor neuron → Effector".

Detailed Hint:

The hypothalamus is an integral part of the brain that performs numerous functions.

It's responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle, water balance in the body, and body temperature among other physiological processes.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "All of the above".

Detailed Hint:

Neurons are special cells with unique properties.

Although neurons have the ability to generate and transmit impulses, they are terminally differentiated cells, meaning they cannot divide once mature.

Thus, the correct answer is D, "As with all living cells, they divide to produce similar cells upon maturation".

Detailed Hint:

The resting membrane potential of a neuron relies on the distribution of ions across the neuron's membrane.

Sodium ions typically have a higher concentration outside neurons, which is essential for maintaining the resting membrane potential.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Sodium ions are more concentrated outside neurons".

Detailed Hint:

• Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse.
• While most neurotransmitters function within the central nervous system, acetylcholine operates outside this system.
• Consequently, the correct answer is C, "Acetylcholine".

Detailed Hint:

• The respiratory center is responsible for controlling the rate and depth of breathing.
• This center is situated in the medulla, a part of the brainstem, not in the cerebrum, cerebellum, or hypothalamus.
• Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Medulla".

Detailed Hint:

• Motor neurons transmit impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the rest of the body.
• These impulses activate effectors, such as muscles or glands, not receptors, responses, or transduction.
• Hence, the correct answer is C, "Effectors".

Detailed Hint:

• Neurons are specialized cells with unique functions in the nervous system.
• They are capable of transmitting and generating impulses. However, they do not divide upon maturation, unlike other living cells.
• Thus, the correct answer is D, "Like all living cells, upon maturation, they cease to divide."