nervous coordination test 4

Sensory receptors are specialized to respond to certain types of stimuli. Among these, "Chemoreceptors" are responsible for detecting changes in chemical concentrations and thus, facilitate the sense of smell or olfaction.

Osmoreceptors monitor the concentration of salt and water in our body, Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical pressure or deformation, and Nociceptors are pain receptors.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Chemoreceptors".

Neuroglia or glial cells are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that support and protect neurons. Schwann cells, which are a type of glial cells, form the myelin sheath around the axon of a neuron.

Sensory neurons and Kupffer cells (found in the liver) are not categorized as Neuroglial cells.

Hence, the correct response is B, "Schwann cell".

The meninges consist of three layers: the Dura mater, the Arachnoid mater, and the Pia mater. These layers protect the brain and the spinal cord.

In terms of thickness, the Pia mater is thin and closely follows the contours of the brain while the Dura mater is thick and durable.

Consequently, the correct answer is B, "Thin, Thick".

The diameter of a neuron plays a significant role in the speed of nerve impulse conduction. As the diameter increases, the resistance to impulse flow decreases.

This results in an increased speed of nerve impulse transmission.

Therefore, the correct response is B, "Increases".

The spinal cord, an integral part of the nervous system, has an internal structure made up of both white and grey matter.

In cross-sectional view, the outer part is predominantly composed of white matter, which consists of myelinated axons that enable the rapid transmission of signals.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, "White matter".

The spinal cord, a central part of the nervous system, is located within a specific cavity of the body.

It is housed within the neural canal, a space within the vertebral column.

Hence, the correct answer is A, "Neural canal".

The tongue surface is covered with various types of papillae, each having a distinct shape and function.

Fungiform papillae are named so because of their distinct mushroom-like shape.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Mushroom-shaped".

The resting state of a neuron refers to the steady state of electrical charge when the neuron is not actively transmitting signals.

In this state, the inside of the neuron is typically more negatively charged due to the distribution of ions. There is more sodium (Na+) outside the neuron and potassium (K+) leakage does occur.

Thus, all given statements accurately describe a neuron in rest condition. The correct answer is D, "All statements are correct".

Gustation, or the sense of taste, relies on specific types of receptors located on the tongue.

These receptors, known as chemoreceptors, respond to chemicals in food that dissolve in saliva.

Therefore, the correct response is C, "Chemoreceptors".

Nissl’s granules, also known as Nissl bodies, are found in neurons and are involved in protein synthesis.

They play a key role in providing nutrition to the neuron, supporting its health and functionality.

Thus, the correct response is A, "Nutritive".

The brain is divided into several regions, each with specific functions.

The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum, which is responsible for higher brain functions such as thought, emotion, and control of voluntary muscles.

Hence, the correct answer is A, "Cerebrum".

Neurons are specialized cells which send and receive signals in the nervous system.

Typically, the axon of a motor neuron sends impulses to effectors such as muscles or glands, triggering a response.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Axon of the motor neuron".

Neurons have various structural features that enable them to function effectively.

The Node of Ranvier, a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, is found in myelinated neurons. This structure allows for faster conduction of nerve impulses.

As such, the correct answer is A, "Myelinated neurons".

The spinal nerve is a mixed nerve that carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.

The dorsal root of the spinal nerve primarily contains sensory neuron fibers, which transmit sensory information from the body to the spinal cord.

Thus, the correct answer is A, "Sensory Neuron".

The taste buds on our tongue consist of various types of papillae, each housing specific taste receptor cells.

The filiform papillae are the most numerous and are spread all over the tongue, providing it with its rough texture. However, they don't contain taste buds themselves.

Consequently, the correct answer is A, "Filiform".

The human brain consists of various regions, each with distinct roles in cognitive and emotional functions.

The amygdala, located deep within the brain's medial temporal lobe, plays a key role in processing emotions, hence it's often referred to as the 'emotion center'.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Amygdala".

The sense of touch is facilitated primarily by the skin and hair, which contain various types of sensory receptors.

Removing hair from the skin can diminish the skin's sensitivity to tactile inputs, thereby decreasing the sense of touch.

Thus, the correct answer is B, "Decreases".

Neurons transmit information by changing their membrane potential in a process known as an action potential.

The excited state of a neuron, when an action potential is being propagated, is referred to as the depolarized state.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Depolarized state".

A sensory neuron, like all other neurons, is composed of a cell body, dendrite (also called dendron), and axon.

In sensory neurons, both the axon and the dendron can function as the sensory receptor, making it difficult to distinguish between the two.

Hence, the correct answer is C, "Axon and Dendron".

Neurons transmit information via different types of impulses, which include continuous, discontinuous, and saltatory impulses.

Saltatory impulse transmission, which occurs in myelinated neurons, is the fastest as the action potential 'jumps' from one node of Ranvier to the next.

Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Saltatory impulse".

The nervous system comprises neurons and neuroglial (or glial) cells.

Neurons account for approximately 50% of the nervous system, with the remaining 50% being neuroglial cells that provide support and protection for neurons.

Consequently, the correct answer is B, "50%".

The meninges is a protective covering that encloses the brain and spinal cord.

It consists of three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

As a result, the correct answer is C, "Triple".

The skin is equipped with various types of receptors that help us sense and respond to different external stimuli.

Pain receptors in the skin are specifically termed "cutaneous receptors."

Thus, the correct answer is A, "Cutaneous".

Neurons respond to a variety of stimuli, depending on their specific sensory functions.

However, to excite a neuron and trigger an action potential, the stimulus must reach a certain threshold—termed a "threshold stimulus."

Therefore, the correct response is D, "None of the above."

Sensory receptors come in a variety of types, each designed to respond to specific types of stimuli.

Baroreceptors, which detect changes in blood pressure, are a type of mechanoreceptor.

Consequently, the correct answer is B, "Mechanoreceptors".

The nervous system is characterized by diverse structures, each serving integral roles in bodily functions.

The grey matter specifically surrounds a central canal, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid that helps in protecting the brain and maintaining homeostasis.

Therefore, the correct response is C, "Central canal".

Neurotransmission involves complex processes, including the opening of various ion channels in response to different neurotransmitters.

Specifically, when an inhibitory neurotransmitter opens the Chloride (Cl) gates, Chloride ions (Cl) enter the neuron, resulting in a hyperpolarization that makes the neuron less likely to fire an action potential.

Thus, the correct answer is A, "Cl enters the neuron".

Neurons have specific thresholds for stimuli to trigger an action potential or 'spike'—an electrical signal that travels along an axon.

A stimulus that does not reach this threshold and, hence, is unable to trigger an action potential, is termed an "inadequate stimulus".

As a result, the correct response is C, "Inadequate stimulus".

The spinal cord is a major conduit for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

Messages, or sensory information, specifically enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root.

Thus, the correct answer to this question is B, "Dorsal root."

Various types of receptors exist in the human body, each designed to detect specific forms of stimuli.

Osmoreceptors are a type of chemoreceptor which helps to maintain the balance of water and minerals in the body.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Chemoreceptors."

The nervous system contains diverse cell types, including neurons and neuroglial cells.

Schwann cells are a type of neuroglial cell, which provide support and insulation to neurons.

Consequently, the correct response is C, "Neuroglial cells."

The brainstem is a critical structure in the human brain, responsible for controlling various automatic functions.

It is composed of several distinct structures, including the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, each with their unique roles.

Therefore, the correct answer to this question is D, "All of the above."

Different regions of the brain serve different functions, with some areas dedicated to controlling vital processes like sleep, wakefulness, and respiration.

The pons, a part of the brainstem, plays a key role in controlling these functions.

Hence, the correct answer is D, "Pons."

The perception of smell, or olfaction, relies on the presence of numerous distinct receptor proteins in the nose.

These receptors allow us to distinguish a wide array of scents, with around a thousand different types of such proteins present.

Therefore, the correct response to this question is B, "1000."

Nociceptors are sensory receptors that respond to harmful or potentially harmful stimuli, usually triggering a sensation of pain.

The skin, as a primary barrier and sensory interface with the external environment, contains a vast array of such receptors.

Specifically, every square centimeter of skin includes approximately 200 nociceptors, thus the correct response is B, "200."

Myelin, a fatty substance that wraps around the axons of some neurons, significantly enhances the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

In a myelinated neuron, the speed of a nerve impulse is considerably faster than in a non-myelinated neuron.

More specifically, it is about 20 times faster, rendering the correct answer as B, "20 times."

Neurons, the basic units of the nervous system, transmit impulses in different ways depending on their structure.

Continuous impulses, which travel along the entire length of the axon, are more common in non-myelinated neurons.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Non-myelinated neuron."

The refractory period is a time during which a neuron has fired an action potential and temporarily cannot fire another one.

It generally lasts for about 4 milliseconds, making the correct answer C, "4."

Pain receptors, also known as nociceptors, are found in various parts of the body, including the joints and bones.

These particular receptors are referred to as somatic receptors.

As a result, the correct response is C, "Somatic."

The tongue boasts several types of papillae or taste receptors.

Filiform papillae, distinctive for their cone-like shape, cover a large portion of the tongue.

Therefore, the correct response is A, "Filiform."

The refractory period refers to a recovery interval during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential.

During this period, the neuron returns to its original ionic distribution and polarity, a process known as repolarization.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "Repolarization."

The sensory system of the body comprises different types of receptors, each responsible for a particular sense.

The sense of taste, detected by chemoreceptors, is scientifically known as gustation.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Gustation."

The brain, an organ responsible for processing sensory information, surprisingly does not contain pain receptors.

This is why brain surgeries can sometimes be performed while the patient is awake, without causing pain.

Hence, the correct answer is D, "No pain receptor."

Chemoreceptors are a type of sensory receptor that respond to chemical stimuli.

Gustation (taste), olfaction (smell), and osmoreception (osmotic pressure) involve chemoreceptors.

In contrast, baroreceptors are mechanoreceptors that monitor blood pressure, thus not linked with chemoreceptors. Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Baroreceptors."