Chemical Coordination test 2

The pineal gland is also known as the "epiphysis," making option B the correct choice.

It is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain, and it produces melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions.

The term "hypophysis" represents the pituitary gland and not the pineal gland, making option A incorrect.

Therefore, the answer is B, "Epiphysis".

Oxytocin, denoted as option C, is a hormone that triggers the process of childbirth or parturition.

It stimulates the uterine muscles to contract and also promotes the release of breast milk.

Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Oxytocin".

Addison's disease, option A, is an endocrine disorder resulting from insufficient production of corticoids.

The deficiency of corticoids can cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, "Addison's disease".

Gluconeogenesis, the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, is promoted by the hormone glucagon, option B.

Glucagon increases hepatic glucose output, which is critical in individuals with conditions such as diabetes.

Consequently, the correct answer is B, "Glucagon".

Somatostatin, a peptide hormone, is secreted by several tissues in the body, including the pancreas, hypothalamus, and the stomach, making option D the correct choice.

In the pancreas, it functions to inhibit the secretion of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon.

In the hypothalamus, somatostatin can inhibit the release of growth hormone.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "All of these".

A hyperglycemic agent is a substance that increases the level of glucose in the blood. Glucagon, denoted as option B, plays this role.

It counters the actions of insulin by stimulating the process of glycogenolysis, leading to increased blood glucose levels.

Consequently, the correct answer is B, "Glucagon".

Aldosterone, option B, is a hormone that plays a critical role in maintaining sodium ion levels in the body.

It does this by promoting the reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys, indirectly leading to the increase of water reabsorption and maintenance of blood pressure.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Aldosterone".

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) plays a pivotal role in skin pigmentation by stimulating the production and release of melanin by melanocytes.

The melanin darkens the skin color, and this effect is enhanced during pregnancy.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, "It regulates primary skin color".

Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "Hypothalamus".

Oxytocin performs various functions related to reproduction, including causing uterine contractions, inducing labor, and stimulating milk release.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "All of the above".

Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. None of the options listed - lacrimal gland, seminal vesicle, or prostate gland - are endocrine glands; they all have ducts.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "All of the above".

Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland for release.

So, the correct answer is B, "Hypothalamus".

Somatotropin (growth hormone) deficiency in adults does not result in dwarfism, acromegaly, or gigantism. These conditions are usually associated with somatotropin levels in children (dwarfism) or excess somatotropin in adults (acromegaly).

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "None of the above".

Diabetes insipidus is a disorder resulting from a deficiency of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin in the pituitary gland, leading to the decreased ability of the kidneys to reabsorb water.

As a result, the correct answer is B, "Diabetes insipidus".

The Anterior pituitary, marked as option B, is known to secrete six distinct hormones.

These include Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Prolactin (PRL), Growth hormone (GH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "6".

Cretinism, denoted as option A, is a severe form of intellectual disability and physical growth impairment that results from a deficiency of thyroxin in children.

The condition is characterized by short stature, delayed physical development, and cognitive impairments.

Thus, the correct answer is A, "Cretinism".

Lactogen, also known as Prolactin, denoted by option B, can inhibit the menstrual cycle in lactating women.

This hormone plays a key role in milk production and can temporarily suppress ovulation, thus preventing the menstrual cycle.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Lactogen".

The adrenal medulla, which is not listed in the options, produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline).

Hormones like ACTH, indicated as option D, are released by the pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and androgens, not adrenaline.

Thus, the correct answer is F, "None of the above".

Undersecretion of thyroxine can lead to conditions such as Cretinism and Myxedema, denoted as options A and C respectively.

Cretinism is characterized by developmental delays and physical growth impairments, while Myxedema pertains to low levels of thyroid hormone causing symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold sensitivity.

Hence, the correct answer is D, "Both A & C".

The hormone that regulates the rate of spermatogenesis is secreted by Sertoli cells, represented as option B.

These cells play a key role in the production of sperm, secreting the hormone inhibin which controls spermatogenesis.

Hence, the correct answer is B, "Sertoli cells".

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, also known as ACTH and marked as option B, is secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

This hormone primarily influences the functions and secretion activities of the adrenal gland.

Thus, the correct answer is B, "Adrenal gland".

Thyrotropin, often referred to as Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), regulates the secretion of another hormone, represented as option B.

The production and secretion of TSH are controlled by Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH), which is released by the hypothalamus.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "TSH".

Graves' disease, denoted as option A, is an autoimmune disorder which leads to an overactive thyroid gland.

This overactivity results in a condition known as hyperthyroidism.

Thus, the correct answer is A, "Graves disease".

The Goblet cell, indicated as option B, is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland.

These cells are responsible for producing and excreting mucus which serves as a protective layer for some of the body's internal surfaces.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Goblet cell".

Option C, Hypocalcemia, which is a condition characterized by low levels of calcium in the blood, is the primary cause of Tetany.

Tetany is a condition where the patient experiences muscle spasms due to the low calcium level.

Thus, the correct answer is C, "Hypocalcemia".

Mucus, a viscoelastic fluid, primarily consists of glycoproteins, water, cells, inorganic ions, and lipids.

The main component among these is glycoprotein, marked as option B, which provides mucus with its characteristic stickiness and viscosity.

Thus, the correct answer is B, "Glycoprotein".

The anterior pituitary gland secretes several hormones including Gonadotropin, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, and Growth hormone.

However, the Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, denoted as option A, is produced by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary, not the anterior.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, "Melanocyte-stimulating hormone".

Oxytocin, a crucial hormone, is produced in both males and females, indicated as option C.

While it plays a significant role in childbirth and breastfeeding in females, in males, it influences certain aspects of social behavior.

Consequently, the correct answer is C, "Both A and B".

Gonadotropins are hormones that stimulate the gonads (the ovaries and testes). They include Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), denoted as option D.

FSH plays a critical role in the growth and maturation of follicles in the ovaries and the production of sperm in the testes.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "FSH".

Somatostatin acts as an inhibitory hormone and regulates the endocrine system by inhibiting the secretion of several other hormones including Growth Hormone (GH), also known as Somatotropic hormone (STH), denoted as option A.

Somatostatin, therefore, plays a significant role in the overall homeostasis of growth.

Consequently, the appropriate answer is A, "STH".

Goblet cells, a form of unicellular gland, are found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. They secrete mucin, which forms mucus upon hydration.

These cells are unicellular and do not possess any ducts, indicated as option D. The mucus is secreted directly onto the surface these cells are found.

Thus, the correct answer is D, "0".

Oxytocin, an important hormone, is synthesized in the hypothalamus.

It is then stored and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, designated as option A.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, "Pituitary gland".

Somatotropic hormone, also known as Growth hormone, plays a significant role in stimulating growth and cell reproduction.

A deficiency of this hormone in early life can lead to a condition known as Dwarfism, listed as option B, characterized by short stature.

Hence, the correct answer is B, "Dwarfism".

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline respectively, are hormones produced by the adrenal glands.

They are derived from the amino acid Tyrosine, marked as option D.

As a result, the correct answer is D, "Tyrosine".

Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, also known as circadian rhythms.

Contrary to options A, B, and C, Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland, not mentioned in the given options.

The synthesis and release of Melatonin are stimulated by darkness, thus it is often referred to as the "chemical expression of darkness" and is inhibited by light.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "None of the above".

'Oxytocia' is a medical term derived from the hormone 'Oxytocin'.

Oxytocin plays a crucial role in the process of childbirth, thus option C, "Child birth" accurately represents its meaning.

So, the correct answer is C, "Child birth".

The placenta, an organ developed during pregnancy, plays a critical role in the secretion of essential pregnancy hormones.

It secretes both Estrogen and Progesterone, denoted as option C.

Both hormones are vital for maintaining a healthy pregnancy, with Estrogen promoting the growth of the uterine lining and Progesterone preparing the uterus for the implantation of the embryo.

Accordingly, the accurate answer is C, "Both A and B".