Chemical Coordination test 5

Positive feedback in biological systems refers to a process that amplifies the body's response to a stimulus.

Among the given options, blood clotting is a prime example of a positive feedback mechanism, where the body triggers a cascade of chemical reactions to quickly stop bleeding.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, "Blood clotting".

The endocrine system, which includes the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, is interconnected by a variety of structural elements.

According to the options, the infundibulum is the part that physically connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Hence, the correct answer is B, "Infundibulum".

The adrenal medulla is a part of the adrenal glands and plays a vital role in the body's response to stress.

Among the options given, none explicitly stimulate the adrenal medulla, hence the correct answer is D, "None".

Calcitonin is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland and plays a significant role in the regulation of calcium levels in the body.

It inhibits calcium absorption in the kidney, intestine, and gut, thereby preventing an increase in blood calcium levels.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "All of these".

Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland resulting in insufficient production of thyroid hormones.

The consequences of this condition can vary, including Myxedema and Gull's disease, both of which are linked to thyroid malfunction.

Swelling due to mucus infiltration into subcutaneous tissue can also occur.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "All of the above".

The absence of iodine can lead to various health conditions, predominantly affecting the thyroid gland.

Endemic goiter and Colloidal goiter are both conditions that result from the enlargement and protrusion of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency.

Hence, the correct answer is D, "Both A and B".

Insulin, a hormone released by the pancreas, plays a crucial role in regulating various metabolic processes.

Among the listed options, Gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources), contrary to other actions, is not stimulated by insulin.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "Gluconeogenesis".

Thyrotropin or Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is one of the many hormones produced and secreted in our body.

The hypothalamus, a part of the brain, is responsible for the secretion of Thyrotropin.

Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Hypothalamus".

Biorhythms are essentially the natural cycles that govern psychological and physical aspects of our bodies.

Among the options, Melatonin, which is produced by the pineal gland, plays a critical role in biorhythms, particularly in regulating sleep-wake cycles.

Hence, the correct answer is D, "Melatonin".

Gonads, the primary reproductive organs, are stimulated by a variety of hormones to function properly.

Among the options, Gonadotrophin is the hormone that directly stimulates the gonads.

In males, it triggers the testicles to produce testosterone, and in females, it prompts the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone.

Thus, the correct answer is B, "Gonadotrophin".

Diabetes insipidus is a rare disorder that affects the water regulation processes in the body.

Among the options, a decrease in the secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is the primary cause of this condition.

ADH plays a crucial role in maintaining the fluid balance in the body.

Consequently, the correct answer is D, "Reduced secretion of ADH".

The hypothalamus is a key part of the brain involved in the regulation of hormone secretion.

Among the listed options, Thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) is a hormone secreted directly into the bloodstream from the hypothalamus.

Other hormones like ADH and Oxytocin are stored and released from the posterior pituitary gland but not directly secreted into the blood from the hypothalamus.

Thus, the correct answer is C, "TRF".

Reproduction in humans is regulated by a variety of hormones.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) among the options, plays a key role in the production of male gametes or sperm.

FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland and it stimulates the testes to produce and mature sperm.

Consequently, the correct answer is C, "FSH".

The body relies on numerous hormones to maintain homeostasis, particularly in terms of blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

Given the options, Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is released in response to low blood pressure as it helps to conserve water and maintain the salt balance in the body, thereby normalizing blood pressure.

Hence, the correct answer is D, "ADH".

Calcium concentration in the blood is tightly regulated by several hormones.

Of the options given, Parathormone, also known as parathyroid hormone, is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels by mobilizing calcium from bones when there is a shortage, leading to hypercalcemia.

Consequently, the correct answer is C, "Parathormone hormone".

Testosterone production is a complex process regulated by various hormones.

Among the listed options, Gonadotropin is the hormone that directly stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) causes the pituitary gland in the brain to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), but these hormones don't directly stimulate testosterone production.

Thus, the correct answer is B, "Gonadotrophin".

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a critical hormone for reproductive function.

Among the options provided, Luteinizing hormone (LH) is the one that is directly stimulated or released by GnRH activity in the brain.

GnRH prompts the pituitary gland to secrete LH, which in males triggers testosterone production, while in females, it prompts the ovaries to generate estrogen and progesterone.

Thus, the correct answer is A, "LH".

The discovery of hormones has been a significant milestone in the field of endocrinology.

Among the options, Secretin, a hormone produced in the duodenum, is considered the first hormone ever discovered.

Bayliss and Starling were the ones who discovered Secretin.

Hence, the correct answer is C, "Secretin".

Hormones play a critical role in regulating various physiological processes, including adrenal cortex hormone secretion.

Of the options provided, the Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRF) is the one that stimulates the secretion of Adrenal Cortex Stimulating Hormones.

The process is self-explanatory as the name of the hormone itself indicates its function.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, "CRF (Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone)".

Hormones have diverse functions, including preparing the body to handle stress.

Adrenaline, amongst the options, is the hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that boosts blood circulation, respiration, and metabolism, preparing the body for stressful situations.

Thus, the correct answer is A, "Adrenaline".

Glucose, a primary source of energy for the body, is present in the blood at a certain concentration.

Among the options, 100 mg is the typical concentration of glucose found in 100 ml of blood.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, "100 mg".

The overproduction of certain hormones can lead to specific medical conditions.

Acromegaly, amongst the options given, is a condition caused by an excess of growth hormone in adults, leading to an enlargement of body parts.

Hence, the correct answer is B, "Acromegaly".

Glands can vary in size and function, ranging from single-cell glands to large, complex structures.

Among the choices given, the Goblet cell is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland that secretes mucus.

Thus, the correct response is A, "Goblet cell".

Some hormones require specific components for their production.

Thyroxine hormones, among the options, necessitate both Iodine and Tyrosine for their synthesis.

As a result, the correct response is C, "Both".

Not all hormones are steroid derivatives.

Luteinizing hormone, among the given options, is a glycoprotein hormone and is not derived from steroids.

Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Luteinizing".

Peptide bonds are a fundamental aspect of protein structure, including hormone proteins.

Among the given choices, Oxytocin contains 9 peptide bonds.

Consequently, the right answer is B, "9".

Thyroid hormones play a critical role in numerous metabolic processes.

Among the provided options, defective secretion of thyroid hormones primarily affects glucose anabolism.

Hence, the correct answer is A, "Impaired glucose anabolism".

Different hormones are secreted from distinct cells or glands in the body.

Among the given alternatives, Inhibin is secreted from the cells of the seminiferous tubules, where it controls the process of spermatogenesis.

Therefore, the correct answer is C, "Cells of the seminiferous tubules".

Growth Hormone (GH) influences various aspects of physical growth, but it doesn't impact cognitive development.

Within the provided options, a lowered IQ isn't a consequence of dwarfism due to a GH deficiency, as brain development is not affected in such cases.

Hence, the correct response is B, "Lowered Intelligence Quotient (IQ)".

The hormones play various roles, including the regulation of respiratory and cardiac functions.

Among the listed hormones, Epinephrine is used in emergencies to treat severe allergic reactions by improving breathing, stimulating the heart, raising dropping blood pressure, reducing swelling of the face, lips, and throat.

Consequently, the correct answer is A, "Epinephrine".

Hormone secretion is typically triggered by specific conditions or changes in the body.

Among the options provided, ADH secretion is stimulated when the solute concentration of the blood is high.

Therefore, the correct answer is B, "High".

Different hormones in the body can influence the secretion of each other.

Considering the options given, Somatostatin, also known as Growth Hormone, has a significant role in suppressing the release of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas.

The correct response, therefore, is B, "The presence of Somatostatin".

Hormones can play a significant role in the stimulation of specific cells in the body.

In the case of the options given, calcitonin is essential for bone formation or buildup, and it stimulates the bone-forming cells, known as osteoblasts.

The correct answer is therefore A, "Osteoblast".

The secretion of different hormones can have varying impacts depending on the stage of life.

Among the options listed, overproduction of growth hormones during adulthood leads to a condition known as Acromegaly.

Therefore, the correct response is C, "Acromegaly".

Various hormonal factors can impact bone strength.

However, in the context of the options provided, neither a deficiency of parathormone nor adequate levels of calcitonin will lead to weakened bones.

As a result, the correct answer is D, "Neither".

Iodine deficiency can lead to various conditions, particularly those affecting the thyroid gland.

In the context of the provided options, both endemic goiter and colloidal goiter can result from a lack of iodine. These conditions are characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland.

Thus, the correct response is D, "Both B and C".

Hormones can be categorized based on their chemical structure, and one such category is amino acid-derived hormones.

In the context of the options provided, Estrogen is not derived from amino acids but is a steroid hormone. In contrast, Adrenaline, Thyroxine, and Dopamine are all derived from amino acids.

Therefore, the correct option is A, "Estrogen".

The negative feedback mechanism plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and is found in various organisms.

Considering the options given, Class Mammalia, which includes humans, is a class characterized by the negative feedback mechanism.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, "Class Mammalia".

Pancreatic juice plays an essential role in digestion, containing various enzymes.

Given the options, none of the hormones listed - Secretin, Somatostatin, or Serotonin - are found in pancreatic juice. Instead, it contains enzymes like amylase, lipase, deoxyribonuclease, and trypsinogen.

Thus, the correct answer is D, "None of the above".

The secretion of hormones is regulated by specific parts of the brain.

In this context, the pituitary gland, not the Thalamus, Amygdala, or Cerebrum, is responsible for controlling the secretion of growth hormones.

Hence, the correct response is D, "Pituitary Gland".